Publication:

Advances in the understanding and management of immune thrombocytopenia: a review of pathophysiology, risk factors, and treatment strategies

An autoimmune disease known as immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) in which the immune system destroys platelets and the platelet count drops below 100,000/µl. The pathogenesis of ITP involves peripheral platelet destruction, impaired platelet production, and other mechanisms. Risk factors of ITP include environmental exposures, demographic factors, and genetic predispositions, all contributing to autoimmune responses. Diagnostic tests for ITP include complete blood count for low platelet counts, peripheral blood smear for platelet morphology, advanced autoantibody tests. Bone marrow examination for ruling out hematologic disorders, and spleen tissue analysis to understand platelet destruction and guide treatments. Treatment of ITP includes first-line therapies includes Corticosteroids, Intravenous immunoglobulin, anti-D immunoglobulin, second line therapies includes Rituximab, thrombopoietin receptor agonists, splenectomy and other therapies includes immuno-suppressants, and Fostamatinib. Some studies assessing response criteria in ITP patients. Recent advancement in ITP treatment involves spleen tyrosine kinase inhibitors, Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors, plasma cell-targeting agents, complement pathway, neuraminidase, and monoclonal antibodies. Also, in non-coding RNAs, CRISPR-associated protein 9 system, and Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy. Recent research in ITP, animal models, includes in various species, mimic human ITP. This study concludes the understanding of ITP with various mechanisms and its advance therapies and treatment with ongoing latest research.