Publication:

Understanding gaps in biomedical waste management in India: from policy frameworks to hospital practice

Background Effective Biomedical Waste (BMW) management remains a critical challenge in Indian healthcare system, with serious implications for individual health and environmental sustainability. This study assesses the knowledge, attitudes and practices of healthcare workers (HCWs) regarding BMW segregation and treatment in two tertiary care oncology hospitals in Varanasi, India.

Methods A total of 377 HCWs from diverse categories-including nurses, housekeeping staff, doctors and technicians participated in a prospective cross-sectional survey conducted from January 2022 to October 2023. A structured questionnaire was used to evaluate participants’ behavioral challenges, knowledge gaps and underlying contributing factors behind improper BMW segregation.

Results This study showed while 94.43% of HCWs were aware of the importance of BMW segregation, only 59.95% of participants had adequate knowledge about its treatment and disposal. Insufficient knowledge, hurried work practices and excessive workload were identified as major barriers to proper waste segregation. Notably high incidents of needle stick injuries (NSIs) due to improper sharp handling and disposal were reported, among nurses and housekeeping staff. Additionally, 92.57% of participants expressed a strong desire for monthly or semi-annual re-training sessions on BMW segregation and its treatment.

Conclusions The findings emphasize the importance of regular, structured training programs and reinforcement of individual accountability to improve compliance with BMW management protocols. Incorporating foundational BMW management training with practical exposure into MBBS, nursing and paramedical curricula may further enhance awareness and responsible handling practices among healthcare professionals.