Publication:

Population awareness of modifiable risk factors for coronary artery disease: a cross-sectional study in Islamabad, Pakistan

Background Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a leading global cause of morbidity and mortality, with rising prevalence and risk in developing countries like Pakistan. Despite the high burden, awareness of these risk factors remains limited in many populations. This study evaluates the knowledge and prevalence of modifiable CAD risk factors among adults in Islamabad and Rawalpindi. The findings aim to inform targeted public health strategies to reduce CAD-related morbidity and mortality.

Methods A six-month cross-sectional study from May 2025 to October 2025 was conducted in Islamabad and Rawalpindi involving 322 adults including diagnosed CAD patients and at-risk individuals. Participants were recruited using non-random convenience sampling and completed an interview-based online questionnaire that assessed their knowledge of modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Data was analyzed with statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) using Chi-square tests to explore associations. Ethical approval and informed consent were obtained with confidentiality maintained throughout the study.

Results This study assessed awareness of modifiable risk factors for CAD among 322 adults in Pakistan, revealing that only 24.2% demonstrated good knowledge by identifying four or more key risk factors. Hypertension was the most recognized risk factor 51.6%, while awareness of smoking, diabetes, obesity, and high cholesterol ranged between 32% and 37%. Comparisons with regional and international studies highlight a significant knowledge gap in the Pakistani population.

Conclusions This study reveals substantial gaps in public awareness of modifiable risk factors for coronary artery disease in Pakistan. Targeted educational interventions are urgently needed to improve knowledge, promote preventive measures and reduce disease burden.