Publication:

Investigation of factors influencing timely initiation of breastfeeding and delayed exclusive breastfeeding in India

Breastfeeding is a critical component of infant health and development, providing essential nutrients, antibodies, and immune factors. Despite the recognized benefits, rates of early breastfeeding initiation and exclusive breastfeeding remain suboptimal in India. This systematic review aims to investigate the factors influencing timely initiation of breastfeeding and delayed exclusive breastfeeding in India. A comprehensive literature search was conducted, and studies meeting the inclusion criteria were analyzed. The review identified several key factors influencing breastfeeding practices, including maternal factors (age, education, parity, socioeconomic status), infant factors (birth weight, gestational age, health status), socio-cultural factors (cultural beliefs, traditions, family support), and healthcare system factors (access to skilled birth attendants, antenatal care, postnatal support). Enabling factors for timely breastfeeding initiation included high maternal education, urban residence, delivery in a healthcare facility, and receiving breastfeeding counseling. Impediments included low maternal education, rural residence, home births, lack of antenatal care, and delayed recognition of colostrum importance. Factors influencing exclusive breastfeeding included maternal education, attitudes, confidence in milk production, infant latching and suckling skills, and socio-cultural beliefs. The review highlights the need for a multi-pronged approach to address these factors, including enhancing maternal education, promoting positive attitudes, providing skilled support, addressing socio-cultural beliefs, strengthening healthcare systems, and evaluating interventions such as midwife-led care units. Future research should focus on implementing and evaluating interventions to promote and support exclusive breastfeeding, particularly among working mothers and marginalized communities.