Publication:

Molecular, genetic, and therapeutic advancements in prostate cancer research: a comprehensive literature review

Prostate cancer (PC) is distinguished by its high occurrence among men and is identified as the fifth primary cause of death, with its severity influenced by factors such as age, ethnicity, and genetics. African populations are particularly vulnerable to aggressive forms of the disease. Distinguishing low-risk from high-risk patients remains challenging owing to PC's gradual advancement. While prostate-specific antigen (PSA) detection revolutionized PC diagnosis, it led to overdiagnosis and overtreatment. Despite PSA testing modifications, its specificity remains inadequate. Breakthroughs in genetics and proteomics have introduced fresh biomarkers such as urinary PCA3, leading to the development of pioneering diagnostic assessments like the serum prostate health index (PHI) and 4K score, thereby minimizing the need for unwarranted biopsies. Standard treatments like chemotherapy and prostatectomy are augmented by novel hormone therapies offering better outcomes. Androgen deprivation and hormonal therapy show promise for addressing hormone-sensitive and castration-resistant PC.