Publication:

Prevalence and determinants of premenstrual syndrome among females of the reproductive age group (15-49 years) in Jammu

Background Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is one of the most common gynaecological conditions among females which is characterised by a constellation of behavioural, physical and emotional symptoms occurring during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. In developing countries like India PMS remains unrecognised even today. There is very little data available regarding the burden of PMS and determinants among women in Jammu.

Methods A cross-sectional study among 500 females aged between 15–49 years in both urban and rural settings of Jammu was conducted. Convenience sampling was used to select respondents for the study. Data was collected using a structured pre-tested questionnaire which covered menstrual history, socio-demographic characteristics, lifestyle factors and PMS symptoms based on standardised criteria. Descriptive statistical analysis was conducted to estimate prevalence and chi-square test were applied to assess association. A p value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results The overall prevalence of PMS was found to be 68.4 (n=342). Among the affected females 42.7% had moderate symptoms, 31.6% severe symptoms and 25.7 mild symptoms. Abdominal cramps were the most commonly reported symptoms among these females which were 72%, fatigue 61.8%, irritability 58.2% and mood swings 65.5%. Premenstrual syndrome prevalence was significantly higher among younger females aged between 15 to 24 years 72.8% (p<0.05). The lifestyle and factors like sedentary life style 76.9% and frequent consumption of junk food 78.5% were highly associated with PMS. A strong association was observed with levels of stress, with prevalence increasing from 51.7% in low stress individuals to 82.6% among females with high stress (p<0.05). Menstrual irregularity 75.8% and dysmenorrhea 81.3% where are also highly associated with premenstrual syndrome.

Conclusion PMS is highly prevalent among women of reproductive age in Jammu, with a large portion experiencing moderate to severe symptoms. Lifestyle and psychological factors especially physical inactivity, diet and stress play an important role in its occurrence. Targeted interventions focusing on modification of lifestyle, awareness for women and integration of PMS management into primary health care and education are recommended.