Publication:

Oral health alterations among diabetic and non-diabetic patients with end-stage renal disease receiving haemodialysis: a comparative clinical study

Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) requiring haemodialysis is associated with multiple systemic and oral manifestations. These may be compounded in patients with co-existing diabetes mellitus (DM), which alters salivary composition, immune function, and tissue healing. This study compares oral and dental manifestations among diabetic and non-diabetic patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) undergoing haemodialysis.

Methods This hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted at a tertiary care centre on 120 ESRD patients receiving maintenance haemodialysis, divided into diabetic (n=60) and non-diabetic (n=60) groups. Data were collected through clinical examination, structured questionnaire, salivary pH testing, decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) index scoring, and community periodontal index (CPI) index assessment. Statistical analysis included chi-square and Student’s t-test, with p<0.05 considered significant.

Results Xerostomia, tongue coating, candidiasis, and higher DMFT scores were significantly more prevalent in diabetics. Salivary pH was significantly lower in diabetics (mean 5.32 vs. 6.22, p<0.01). Periodontal status was worse in diabetics, with more CPI code 4 findings. No significant difference was observed in serum urea and creatinine levels. Uremic fetor and dysgeusia were more common in non-diabetics.

Conclusions Oral manifestations in ESRD patients on haemodialysis are more pronounced and complex in the presence of DM. Regular oral screening and integrated care are essential to improve quality of life and prevent complications in this vulnerable population.