Publication:

A comprehensive evaluation of the transition from traditional cobalamin supplementation to advanced nano-formulated delivery systems

Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) is essential for DNA synthesis, haematopoiesis, and neurological health. However, traditional oral delivery is hindered by a complex, saturable absorption pathway involving gastric intrinsic factor (GIF) and cubilin receptors, which limits passive absorption to approximately 1% to 2% at pharmacological doses. This review evaluates the transition from conventional supplements to liposomal delivery systems, focusing on how these nano-formulations bypass physiological bottlenecks and enhance systemic bioavailability. The review synthesizes clinical and physicochemical data regarding liposomal matrices, specifically those utilizing biomimetic phospholipid bilayers (e.g., non-GMO sunflower-derived phosphatidylcholine) with particle sizes <200 nm and negative zeta potentials. Liposomal B12 achieves significantly higher area under the curve (AUC) and peak plasma concentrations (Cmax) by utilizing alternative absorption routes such as membrane fusion and lymphatic transport. Clinical evidence indicates rapid serum repletion in geriatric populations (up to 270% increase) and improved nerve conduction velocity in patients with diabetic neuropathy. Liposomal encapsulation provides a highly bioavailable, non-invasive, and well-tolerated alternative to traditional oral doses and intramuscular injections, particularly for populations with compromised gastrointestinal absorption.