Millets in the dietary management of childhood obesity: bridging modern nutrition and Ayurvedic principles

INTRODUCTION

Encouraging the whole family to adopt healthier eating habits and creating a supportive, mindful mealtime atmosphere can greatly reinforce positive behaviour and discourage emotional or unconscious eating. These lifestyle changes not only help create long-term habits that lower the risk of conditions like type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and joint-related issues, but they also help achieve gradual and sustainable weight loss. Important elements of successful dietary adjustments include controlling portion sizes, reducing the intake of sugary drinks, and minimizing the consumption of processed snacks.

Millets are valuable addition to health-focused diets due to their impressive nutritional content and health-supporting properties. Grains like foxtail millet, barnyard milted, finger millet (ragi), kodo millet and pearl millet (bajra) are naturally low in fat while being rich in fibre, protein and essential vitamins and minerals.¹ The rich fibre content in millets helps enhance satiety and manage hunger, leading to a natural reduction in overall calorie consumption.² Moreover, their low glycaemic index ensures a slow and steady release of glucose into the bloodstream, which helps maintain stable energy levels and manage hunger effectively.³

Replacing refined grains such as white rice or maida (refined wheat flour) with millets in everyday meals can support weight management and improve metabolic function. Their adaptability in the kitchen makes them a sustainable and nutritious part of the diet, suitable for dishes like salads, upma, flatbreads and porridges. Scientific studies highlight that millets are rich in bioactive compounds, complex carbohydrates, magnesium and antioxidants. Their slow digestion process aids in appetite regulation, supports healthy fat metabolism, and ensures a steady supply of energy, factors that contribute positively to weight control.

In Ayurveda, obesity (Sthoulya) is primarily attributed to an imbalance of Kapha Dosha and an excessive accumulation of Meda Dhatu (fat tissues). Millets are considered beneficial in this context due to their Laghu (light) and Ruksha (dry) qualities, along with their astringent (Kashya) and pungent (Katu) taste, which help pacify Kapha and reduce fat buildup. Acharya Charaka highlights the Guru-Apatarpana approach for managing conditions like obesity. It involves the intake of heavy, yet non-nourishing foods that curb excessive nutrition without overburdening digestion. Millets align well with this principle, making them a suitable dietary choice in Ayurvedic obesity management.⁴

Understanding obesity in children

A significant public health concern, childhood obesity is characterized by an excessive accumulation of body fat that can harm a child's physical and emotional well-being. The body mass index (BMI) for age percentile is one of the most often used methods for determining a child's obesity; individuals who score higher than the 95th percentile are generally considered obese.⁵ The percentage of youngsters who are overweight or obese has dramatically increased in recent years. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that in 2022, the disease impacted about 39 million children under the age of five worldwide.⁶

This disorder is complicated and is caused by a confluence of behavioural, environmental, and hereditary factors. Although a child's vulnerability may be influenced by genetics, lifestyle factors including poor eating habits, which include consuming sugary drinks, fast food, and highly processed snacks frequently, as well as a lack of physical activity, are important contributors.⁷

Beyond just being overweight, childhood obesity is linked to major health problems like type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, abnormal cholesterol levels, and joint troubles.⁸ Furthermore, the psychological effects can be severe because many obese kids experience social rejection, bullying, and low self-esteem, which raises their risk of developing anxiety and depression.⁹ Tackling childhood obesity requires a well-rounded approach that involves not just the child but also parents, educators and healthcare provide. Key measures include promoting nutritious eating habits, consistent physical activity and minimizing inactive lifestyles.

Role of dietary modification in obesity

An effective strategy for preventing and managing obesity involves adopting healthier dietary habits. This includes reducing calorie intake by limiting sugar, saturated fats, and refined carbohydrates, while increasing consumption of nutrient-dense foods like fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, lean proteins, and healthy fats. These foods promote satiety and support overall nutrition. Portion control, regular meals, and avoiding processed snacks help maintain energy balance.

Sustainable, gradual dietary changes are more effective than crash diets. Personalized meal plans, nutritional education, and learning healthy cooking techniques enhance adherence. In severe cases, dietary changes may be supported by physical activity, behavioral therapy, or medical interventions.¹⁰

Concept of obesity in Ayurveda

Obesity, known in Ayurveda as Sthaulya or Medoroga, is seen as a deeper imbalance in the body's physiological forces, or Doshas, especially Kapha Dosha, rather than just being a problem of excess fat. An abnormal increase in Meda Dhatu (fat tissue) and occasionally Mamsa Dhatu (muscular tissue) causes Sthaulya, which manifests as noticeable flabbiness, particularly around the abdomen and hips, according to Ayurveda.¹¹

Charaka Smahita explains that Sthaulya (obesity) primarily results from Meda Dhatu Vridhhi, which is the abnormal accumulation of fat caused by impaired digestion. When the digestive factors (Agni) are weakened, it leads to formation of Ama (undigested food) that disrupts nutrient absorption. Consequently, nutrients tend to accumulated in fat tissue, leaving other important tissues such as muscles and bones deprived and weakened.

To address obesity, Ayurveda recommends a comprehensive approach focused on balancing the Dosha, strengthening digestion, and improving overall health through diet, herbal treatments, lifestyle modifications, and conscious living.¹²

Acharya Charaka describes obesity as Santarpanoth Vyadi, meaning a disease that arise form over-nourishment or excessive intake of food. He vividly describes the obese person as:

"Bahu Dosha, Alpa Bala, Alpa Ayu, Alpa Satva" (one with excess Doshas, poor strength, short lifespan, and weak mental endurance).

Causes of obesity in Ayurveda (Nidana)

Excessive intake of Guru (heavy), Snigdha (unctuous), Madhura (sweet), and Shita (cold) foods involves overeating or eating without true hunger, lack of Vyayama (exercise or physical activity), daytime sleeping (Divaswapna), leading to Kapha accumulation, psychological causes like stress, emotional eating, attachment to food and genetic tendencies and poor digestion.

Samprapti (pathogenesis)

The impaired digestive factors lead to formation of undigested foods and improper conversion of food into nutrients. This results in excessive nourishment of Meda Dhatu, while other Dhatus are depleted. The body's metabolism becomes sluggish, leading to further fat accumulation and weakening of Vata and Pitta functions.

Signs and symptoms (Lakshana) of Sthaulya

It involves excessive accumulation of fat in the hips, thighs, and abdomen, the body feels heavy and lethargic, excessive sweating, breathlessness with light exercise, poor appetite with frequent hunger pangs, and weakness in endurance and physical strength.

Unique Ayurvedic viewpoint

In Ayurveda, obesity (Sthaulya) is considered more than just a physical issue, it also involves disturbances in mental and emotional states. An excess of Tamas (mental dullness) and Rajas (emotional unrest) can lead to unhealthy eating behaviours and overeating. These factors, combined with physical imbalances, cause an abnormal increase in Meda Dhatu (fat tissues) and the accumulation of Ama (undigested food), which blocks the body’s channels (Srotorodha). This blockage is believed to contribute significantly to chronic diseases such as Prameha (diabetes) and cardiovascular problems. From a Ayurvedic standpoint, obesity is a complex condition characterized by weak digestion (Mandagni), the build-up of toxins, imbalance of Dosha especially Kapha and the influence of mental and emotional factors. Effective treatment focuses not only on weight loss but also on reigniting digestive fire, eliminating toxins, reducing excess fat, and restoring Dosha harmony.

METHODS

Design

This narrative review aimed to explore the role of millets as functional foods in the management of childhood obesity, bridging traditional Ayurvedic perspectives with contemporary scientific evidence. The review focused on evaluating millet-based dietary strategies as part of a comprehensive and sustainable approach to addressing this escalating public health concern. Classical Ayurvedic texts, particularly from Kaumarbhritya (paediatrics), along with the Bṛihat Trayi (Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, and Ashtanga Hridaya) and the Laghu Trayi (Madhava Nidana, Sharangadhara Samhita, and Bhava Prakasha), were examined to gather traditional insights. Additionally, classical Nighantus such as Dhanvantari Nighantu, Raj Nighantu, and Kaideva Nighantu were reviewed for references to Sthaulya (obesity) and dietetic interventions applicable to children. To complement this traditional framework, a digital literature review was conducted using databases such as PubMed, the AYUSH Research Portal, Digital Helpline for Ayurveda Research Articles (DHARA), Google Scholar, and the official websites of public health and nutrition organizations. The search spanned literature published between 2001 and 2024, using keywords including "millets," "childhood obesity," "childhood overweight," "low glycaemic index grains," "dietary fibre," "Ayurveda," "Sthaulya," "Shamana Chikitsa," "nutritional interventions," and "functional foods."

Eligibility criteria

This review included studies that explored the role and underlying mechanisms of millets in the management of obesity. Studies were eligible if they examined the effects of millets either as part of dietary interventions or as described in Ayurvedic literature. Both Ayurvedic and biomedical studies were included. Studies were included if they examined the physiological, biochemical, or molecular mechanisms through which millets influence obesity-related parameters. Studies were excluded if they did not involve millet-based interventions, lacked clearly defined outcome measures, focused solely on non-dietary or pharmacological treatments, or included editorials, commentaries, or review articles without original research data. Additionally, studies that did not align with Ayurvedic principles or failed to mention relevant traditional contexts were also excluded.

RESULTS

The present review was undertaken to explore the role of millets as functional foods in the management of obesity, with particular emphasis on their relevance in both Ayurvedic and contemporary scientific contexts. A total of 86 relevant publications from the period 2001 to 2024 were identified through a systematic search, comprising observational, interventional, and mechanistic studies. The search focused on grains categorized as Shuka Dhanya in Ayurvedic texts and millets recognized in modern nutrition science, particularly in relation to their impact on Sthaulya (obesity), with a special interest in paediatric populations.

Of these, 10 studies were found to be directly aligned with the core objectives of the review. These selected studies were analysed in detail to understand the mechanisms through which millets exert anti-obesity effects, including modulation of glycaemic response, enhancement of satiety through dietary fibre, improvement in lipid metabolism, and support for gut microbiota diversity. Traditional Ayurvedic descriptions of millets were examined for their Rasa (taste), Guna (properties), Vipaka (post-digestive effect), and their categorization under Kapha-Medohara (fat-reducing) grains.

The findings from these 10 studies were synthesised thematically to propose an integrative model of millet-based intervention for obesity management. This model reflects a convergence of classical Ayurvedic wisdom with evidence from nutritional science and metabolic research, offering a promising, holistic approach to dietary regulation in both paediatric and general obesity contexts.

OBSERVATION

Types of millets used for obesity

Millets are a diverse group of small-seeded cereal grains that have been traditionally consumed in many parts of the world due to their rich nutritional profile and adaptability to harsh growing conditions. Several types of millets are particularly noted for their potential benefits in managing obesity, thanks to their high dietary fibre, low glycaemic index, and abundance of essential nutrients.¹³

Commonly used millets are foxtail millet (Setaria italica), finger millet (Eleusine coracana), barnyard millet (Echinochloa frumentacea), kodo millet (Paspalum scrobiculatum), pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum), and little millet (Panicum sumatrense) (Table 1).

Millets are highly nutritious grains recognized for their positive impact on weight management and metabolic health. One of their standout features is their rich dietary fibre content, typically ranging between 7% to 14%. This fibre helps slow digestion, promoting a longer lasting feeling of fullness, which can reduce overall food intake and help curb overeating.¹⁴ Another notable advantage of millets is their low glycaemic index (GI), which ensures a gradual release of glucose into the blood stream. This helps maintain stable blood sugar levels and lowers the risk of insulin resistance which is an important factor in obesity and related metabolic disorders. In addition, millets are abundant in complex carbohydrates that supply sustained energy without causing sudden spikes or drops in blood glucose, thereby helping to control frequent hunger. They also offer a wealth of essential micronutrients such as iron, magnesium, phosphorous and B complex vitamins, which play vital role in hormone balance, energy production and overall bodily functions.¹⁵ Moreover, millet contain health promoting bioactive compounds like polyphenols and antioxidants that combat inflammation and oxidative stress which is a common issue in individual with obesity.¹⁶

Mechanism by which millets help in weight loss

Millets are nutrient-dense grains that support weight management through multiple mechanisms. Their high fibre content delays gastric emptying, enhances satiety, and reduces calorie intake. With a low glycaemic index, millets promote steady glucose release, preventing insulin spikes that trigger fat storage. Rich in resistant starch, millets like barnyard and foxtail support gut microbiota diversity, enhancing metabolism and reducing inflammation. Additionally, millets provide magnesium, which improves insulin sensitivity and aids in glucose and lipid metabolism. These properties make millets effective in regulating appetite, supporting metabolic health, and aiding sustainable weight loss, positioning them as a valuable addition to obesity management strategies (Table 2).

Ayurvedic explanation of millets in obesity

According to Ayurveda principles, obesity (Sthoulya) is mainly attributed to an imbalance involving increase Meda Dhatu (fat tissue) and aggravated Kapha Dosha. This condition is typically accompanied by symptoms such as heaviness, fatigue, excessive fat accumulation, and shortness of breath.

A key underlying cause, as per Ayurveda, is impaired digestion (Agnimandya), which results in improper tissue nourishment and the accumulation of Ama (undigested food). Traditional Ayurveda texts including Bhavaprakash Nighantu, highlights millets as Kudhanya for their metabolic benefits and their potential help to reduce excess fat. Millets are valued for their specific attributes, which includes the following.

Properties of millets

Laghu Guna (lightness)

Enhances digestion and absorption by supporting digestive fire (Agni).

Ruksha and Kashaya Rasa (dry and astringent tastes)

Help dry excessive moisture and fat, balancing Kapha and reducing Meda Dhatu.

Ushna Virya (hot potency)

Stimulates metabolism and helps eliminate toxins (Ama).

Lekhana Karma (scraping action)

Aids in removing excess fat and impurities from the body's tissues.

Millets, traditionally referred to as Kudhanya in classical texts like Bhavaprakash Nighnatu (under Dhanya Varga), are commonly recommended in managing Sthoulya (obesity) through diet. These grains are generally described as Ruksha (dry), Laghu (light) and possess Tikta (bitter) and Kashya (astringent) taste. Such characteristics are believed to pacify aggravated Kapha Dosha and promote the breakdown (Lekhana property) of excess Meda Dhatu (fat tissues).

Millets also exhibit Usha Virya (hot potency), which supports the activation of Jatharagni (central digestive factor) and addresses Agnmandhya (weakened digestive factors), a central factor in the development of obesity.

Specific types like foxtail, kodo and barnyard millets are particularly valued in Lekhaniye Ahaha-Vihara, a therapeutic approach that combines diet and lifestyle to target fat reduction. Their consumption encourages for individual dealing with obesity because of their Kapha-balancing nature, ability to enhance digestive strength (Agni) and effectiveness in eliminating surplus fat.

The bitter and astringent qualities of these grains help to reduce excess oiliness in the body, while their lightness ensures that digestion remain efficient. Additionally, millets contribute to Shroto-Shodhaha (cleansing of bodily channels), which is essential in reducing fat and restoring systemic balance.

Therefore, integrating Kudhanya into regular diet is considered a therapeutic strategy in Ayurveda, owing to their properties that harmonize Dosha, enhance digestion and assist in the natural elimination of adipose buildup.²⁶

Incorporation of millets into daily diets for children in various forms

Incorporating millets into children's diets significantly enhances nutrition due to their high content of protein, fibre, calcium, iron, magnesium, and B vitamins, all of which are crucial for growth, immunity, and brain development.

Their fibre supports digestion, prevents constipation, and promotes satiety, aiding in healthy weight management. As complex carbohydrates with a low glycaemic index, millets provide sustained energy and help maintain stable blood sugar levels, reducing obesity risk.

Naturally gluten-free and easy to digest, they suit children with sensitivities. Rich in antioxidants and micronutrients like zinc and iron, millets support learning and concentration. Versatile in recipes, they foster lifelong healthy eating habits when introduced early (Table 3).

Precautions and considerations during millets consumptions

While millets offer numerous health advantages, consuming them in large quantities without adequate hydration may lead to dryness and imbalance, especially in individuals with a dominant Vata Dosha, who are more prone to such effects.

To maintain internal harmony and support digestion, it is advisable to combine millets with warming spices such as cumin and ginger, and include nourishing fats like ghee or sesame oil in their preparation (Table 4).

DISCUSSION

The global rise in obesity has become a major public health concern, driving the prevalence of non-communicable diseases like heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and certain cancers. According to the WHO, obesity rates have nearly tripled since the 1970s, highlighting the urgent need for sustainable dietary interventions. Millets are nutrient-rich, small-seeded grains such as barnyard millet, ragi, foxtail millet, bajra, and little millet—are gaining attention for their health benefits.

High in fibre and complex carbohydrates, and with a low glycaemic index, millets help regulate blood sugar, control appetite, and promote satiety, making them effective in obesity and weight management strategies.²⁷

The dietary fibre in millets helps slow down the process of stomach emptying, leading to prolonged feelings of fullness. This not only aids digestion but also contributes to better blood sugar regulation and reduces overall food intake. Millets are also rich source of B complex vitamins and essential minerals such as iron, magnesium and phosphorous, all of which are vital for various metabolic processes.

Moreover, these grains contain powerful antioxidant, including flavonoids and phenolic acids, which help combat oxidative stress and inflammation, a common underlying factor on obesity and related metabolic disorders. Research has shown that replacing refined grains with millet-based options can significantly improve weight related and metabolic health outcomes.²⁸ For instance, evidence from randomized clinical trials shows that individuals who substitute millets for polished rice tent to experience reduction in waist size, body fat percentage and overall BMI. Additionally, eating millets has been linked to improved lipid profiles, such as lower levels of triglycerides and LDL cholesterol and higher levels of HDL cholesterol.²⁹

Another ecological benefit of millets is that they are naturally hardy crops that need less water and fertilizer, which makes them appropriate for growing in semi-arid areas. Millets are not commonly consumed in metropolitan areas, despite their many advantages, because of a lack of awareness, availability, and culinary application skills. In order to close this disparity, government programs might incorporate millets into school meals and subsidized food distribution systems to promote their adoption, and public health initiatives should concentrate on raising millet awareness through educational campaigns.

According to Ayurveda, childhood obesity is associated with a rise in Kapha Dosha and the accumulation of Meda Dhatu, or fat tissue. Poor eating habits and weak digestive function (Agni) are thought to be the main contributors to incorrect metabolism and fat buildup. The main treatment for this illness, according to Ayurvedic scriptures, is food and lifestyle changes. Since millets are characterized as Laghu (light) and Ruksha (dry), qualities that aid in balancing Kapha and reducing extra adipose tissue, they fit in nicely with Ayurvedic concepts in this context. Consuming millets helps strengthen the digestive system, supports the elimination of Ama (undigested food) and contributes to maintaining internal balance within the body. In Ayurvedic practice, millets are valued not only as a nutritional food source but also for their therapeutic effects in managing obesity, particularly by improving digestion and promoting healthy elimination.

Incorporating millets into daily meals aligns with traditional approaches to healthy while also delivering essential nutrients. Their dual action – supporting both digestive and metabolic function, makes them a well-rounded, sustainable and culturally relevant choice for obesity management.

CONCLUSION

Millets provide a holistic approach to tackling obesity by integrating time tested Ayurvedic insights with modern nutritional knowledge. Their ability to enhance satiety, regulated blood sugar, support metabolism, and maintain internal energy balance makes them particularly useful in managing lifestyle-related health issues. Known for their rich nutrient profile and therapeutic value, millets also represent a sustainable and culturally resonant food option. As global efforts intensify to find enduring solutions to obesity, millets emerge as a traditional crop with promising relevance for the future.

Funding: No funding sources

Conflict of interest: None declared

Ethical approval: Not required

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