Publication:

Beyond pregnancy: life-course management of gestational diabetes mellitus and its intergenerational impact: comprehensive review

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common metabolic disorder occurring during pregnancy and is increasingly recognized as a major public health concern due to its long-term implications for both mothers and their offspring. Although traditionally considered a temporary condition limited to pregnancy, growing evidence suggests that GDM is an early indicator of future metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. This review aimed to examine the life-course management of gestational diabetes mellitus and explore its intergenerational impact on maternal and offspring health. A comprehensive literature review was conducted using electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL and Google Scholar. Relevant studies published between 2000 and 2024 were identified using keywords related to gestational diabetes, postpartum management, life-course approach and intergenerational health outcomes. The findings indicate that women with a history of GDM have a significantly higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes and other metabolic disorders later in life. In addition, exposure to maternal hyperglycemia during pregnancy increases the risk of obesity, insulin resistance and glucose intolerance in offspring, supporting the concept of developmental programming. Lifestyle interventions, breastfeeding, postpartum screening and integrated healthcare services were found to be effective strategies in reducing long-term risks. Adopting a life-course approach that includes early detection, continuous monitoring and preventive interventions is essential to break the cycle of intergenerational metabolic disease and improve long-term maternal and child health outcomes.