Publication:

An integrative perspective on urine analysis: from humoural theory to biomarkers

Urine examination has served as an essential diagnostic tool across civilizations, reflecting the evolution of medical understanding from traditional to modern systems. In Unani medicine, Mu‘āyana’-i-Qārūra (Urine analysis) was a key diagnostic approach based on the Naẓariyya’-i-Akhlāṭ (humoural theory), aimed at identifying imbalances in the body’s temperament (Mizāj). Unani physicians meticulously observed features such as color, odor, clarity, froth, and sedimentation to interpret the state of humours and organ function, forming the basis for individualized treatment. In contrast, modern medicine employs advanced laboratory investigations, chemical assays, and imaging modalities to assess urinary composition and pathology with precision. This paper explores the historical context, methodologies, and diagnostic philosophy of urine examination in the Unani system, comparing them with contemporary scientific techniques. Integrating the personalized and qualitative diagnostic principles of Unani medicine with the quantitative precision of modern science may contribute to improved diagnostic accuracy and promote a more holistic, evidence-based approach to patient care.