Publication:

Dietary knowledge, dietary practices, and utilization of antenatal care services among undernourished pregnant women: a cross-sectional study

Background Maternal undernutrition remains a major public health concern in low- and middle-income countries and is associated with adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. Adequate dietary knowledge and practices during pregnancy are essential for optimal maternal and fetal health. Antenatal care (ANC) services provide an important platform for nutrition counseling and micronutrient supplementation; however, gaps in knowledge, practices, and adherence persist among undernourished pregnant women.

Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 70 undernourished pregnant women (BMI<18.5 kg/m²) attending antenatal clinics in selected health facilities, Bangalore. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire covering socio-demographic characteristics, dietary knowledge, dietary practices, and ANC utilization. Statistical analysis was performed using Jamovi (version 2.5.3) and RStudio. Descriptive statistics, Mann-Whitney U test, Chi-square test, and Fisher’s exact test were applied, with significance set at p<0.05.

Results The median age was 24 years; most participants had secondary education and were homemakers. Inadequate dietary knowledge (87.1%) and poor practices (71.4%) were prevalent, with no significant association (p=0.265). ANC utilization was high (≥6 visits). Adherence was moderate for folic acid (67%) and calcium (63%), but low for iron (39%). Barriers included nausea, vomiting, and forgetfulness. Income was significantly associated with knowledge and practice levels (p=0.046).

Conclusions Despite adequate ANC utilization, substantial gaps exist in dietary knowledge and practices among undernourished pregnant women. Strengthening nutrition counseling and addressing adherence barriers and socioeconomic constraints are essential to improve maternal nutrition and pregnancy outcomes.