Publication:

Incidence and pattern of congenital heart disease in children: an observational cross-sectional study

Background The objective of this study was to analyse the incidence, pattern, and clinical presentation of congenital heart disease in children and evaluate associated risk factors.

Methods This observational cross-sectional study included 100 children aged 0-14 years diagnosed with CHD at department of cardiac surgery, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, Bangladesh duration of study was 1 year starting from January to December 2022. Detailed clinical evaluation, echocardiography, and relevant investigations were performed for all cases. Associated anomalies and maternal risk factors were documented.

Results Of 100 cases, 56% were males and 44% females (ratio 1.27:1). The majority (68%) were diagnosed in the first year of life. Acyanotic CHD predominated (72%) with ventricular septal defect being the most common lesion (30%), followed by atrial septal defect (15%) and patent ductus arteriosus (12%). Among cyanotic CHD (28%), tetralogy of Fallot was most frequent (15%). Common presenting features included breathing difficulty (45%), failure to thrive (38%), and recurrent respiratory infections (35%). Associated anomalies were present in 22% cases, with Down syndrome (8%) being the most common genetic association. Significant maternal risk factors included advanced age (15%) and diabetes mellitus (8%).

Conclusions The study demonstrated patterns of CHD consistent with global literature while highlighting regional variations. Early detection was achieved in the majority of cases, though late presentation remains a concern. The findings emphasize the need for comprehensive screening programs and improved healthcare access, particularly in resource-limited settings. Understanding these patterns can guide resource allocation and healthcare planning for better management of pediatric cardiac care.