Publication:

Impact of dietary patterns on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a case-control study at a tertiary care hospital in western India

Background Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a growing concern worldwide, particularly in India, due to lifestyle changes and dietary habits. Diet plays a significant role in the onset of NAFLD, yet the specific dietary patterns contributing to this condition vary across populations. This study aims to assess the association between dietary patterns and NAFLD across different populations.

Methods We conducted a case-control study at a tertiary care hospital in Vadodara, Gujarat, involving 200 participants (100 cases with NAFLD and 100 matched controls without NAFLD). Dietary intake was assessed using a modified 24-hour dietary recall method. To identify common dietary patterns, principal component analysis (PCA) was performed using the open-source statistical software R. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) for NAFLD risk, adjusting for confounders such as age, sex, BMI, physical activity, and smoking status.

Results The study, involving 200 participants (100 with NAFLD and 100 controls), revealed that high intake of processed foods and low fiber intake were significantly associated with an increased risk of NAFLD. Specifically, high consumption of processed foods was linked to a 3.4-fold increased risk of NAFLD (Odds Ratio [OR] 3.4; 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 2.1-5.6). Similarly, low fiber intake was associated with a 2.7-fold increased risk (OR 2.7; 95% CI: 1.7-4.5). These results highlight the strong impact of dietary patterns on the risk of NAFLD.

Conclusions This study highlights that a Western dietary pattern is strongly associated with an increased risk of NAFLD, while adherence to a traditional diet appears protective. Dietary modifications could serve as a potential strategy for NAFLD prevention in at-risk populations.