Publication:

Recent advances in physiotherapy management of multiple sclerosis: a scoping review

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic immune-mediated neurological disorder leading to progressive disability, fatigue, and reduced quality of life. Physiotherapy plays a crucial role in maintaining function and participation. Over the last decade, rehabilitation has evolved toward technology-assisted and neuroplasticity-based interventions. Objective was to map and summarize recent advances in physiotherapy management of multiple sclerosis. A scoping review was conducted according to PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and PEDro) were searched for studies published between 2014 and 2025. Studies investigating physiotherapy or rehabilitation interventions in MS were included. Pharmacological-only studies were excluded. A total of 40 records were identified; 30 full texts were assessed and 18 studies were included. Major intervention categories were: combined exercise therapy, high-intensity interval training, virtual reality rehabilitation, exergaming, telerehabilitation, wearable-guided therapy, and cognitive-motor dual-task training. Technology-assisted rehabilitation demonstrated comparable or superior outcomes to conventional therapy in mobility, balance, and fatigue management. Physiotherapy management of MS has shifted from compensatory care to neurorestorative and technology-integrated rehabilitation. Hybrid care models combining in-person and remote therapy appear most effective for long-term management.