Publication:

Comparative evaluation of retrograde intrarenal surgery versus percutaneous nephrolithotomy for 1-2 cm renal calculi: a retrospective comparative study

Background Renal calculi measuring 1-2 cm presents a therapeutic dilemma between retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) and percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). The present study aimed to compare clinical outcomes, complications and stone clearance rates between these two modalities.

Methods This retrospective comparative study was conducted in the Department of Urology and Renal Transplant, JNU Medical College, Jaipur, from January 2025 to January 2026. A total of 250 patients were included, of whom 80 underwent RIRS and 170 underwent PCNL. Demographic variables, stone characteristics, operative outcomes and postoperative complications were analysed.

Results The stone-free rate was 95.0% in the RIRS group and 98.2% in the PCNL group. Mean operative time was 1.8 hours in the RIRS group compared to 1.3 hours in the PCNL group. Bleeding complications were more common in the PCNL group (28.8%) whereas fever and sepsis were more frequent following RIRS. Hospital stay was similar in both groups.

Conclusions Both RIRS and PCNL are effective treatment options for intermediate-sized renal calculi. RIRS offers a minimally invasive alternative, whereas PCNL provides superior stone clearance in selected patients.