Publication:

Long-term indwelling urinary catheterization and bladder cancer

Bladder cancer is cancer that originates from the bladder mucosa. The causes of bladder cancer are multifactorial. Long-term use of urinary catheters will increase the risk of bladder cancer. There has been no systematic review that discusses the association between indwelling catheters and bladder cancer. We aim to assess the association between long-term indwelling catheters and bladder cancer. We performed a literature search from PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, and Scopus. The data included in the study were only observational studies that were relevant to the study objective. The risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). The data was then synthesized using the Review Manager 5.4 application to determine heterogeneity and cumulative hazard ratio values. There were 640 studies obtained from the PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, and Scopus databases. After removing 16 duplicated studies, there were 624 results left. Out of these studies, 6 qualified for systematic review. Data on indwelling catheters for bladder cancer are highly heterogeneous. The incidence of individuals with indwelling catheters with probable bladder cancer was 4.87% (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.7–13.96%, I2 = 84%). The use of indwelling catheters significantly increases the risk of bladder cancer (p=0.003). The bias assessed using the Newcastle Ottawa scale (NOS) showed a poor-quality result (4.83 final score). Long-term indwelling catheter are associated significantly with an increased risk of bladder cancer.